A Six-Minute Walk Test: Oxygen Uptake and Distance Predicted / Prueba de Caminata de Seis Minutos: Consumo de Oxígeno y Distancia Predicha

Abstract Background: Maximum oxygen consumption is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aim: The purpose was, first, to relate and compare the V̇O2max as the dependent variable with the estimated distance in the six-minute walk test (SMWT) as the independent variable in university students and, secondly, to relate the distance (dependent) with demographic and anthropometric variables (independents). Methodology: A correlational, descriptive, and quantitative study with a non-experimental design was conducted on 110 university students. In the study, basic anthropometry and vital signs were measured. A direct method of V̇O2max (Bruce test) on a treadmill was applied. Then, the distance covered in the SMWT was evaluated with two equations available in the scientific literature. Differences between men and women were measured in the tests, the correlation between the distances estimated with V̇O2max and anthropometric variables, and repeated ANOVA measurement tests between V̇O2max and estimated distance were analyzed with the SPSS v.22 program (p<0.05). Results: Significant correlations were found between V̇O2max and estimated distances (p<0.05) in the total sample, men and women, and in some cases, the distance correlated with gender, age, weight, height, and BMI (p<0.05). However, there were differences between V̇O2max and distances estimated in the SMWT (p<0.001). Conclusions: The V̇O2max measurement method is different from the distance prediction equations, although they have a significant relationship.

Resumen Antecedentes: El consumo máximo de oxígeno es un indicador de la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Objetivo: El objetivo fue relacionar y comparar el V̇O2máx. como variable dependiente con la distancia estimada en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M) como variable independiente en estudiantes universitarios, a la vez relacionar la distancia (dependiente) con variables demográficas y antropométricas (independientes). Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, y descriptivo-correlacional en el que participaron 110 estudiantes universitarios. Se midió antropometría básica y signos vitales, y se aplicó un método directo de V̇O2máx. (Test de Bruce) en cinta rodante, luego se estimó la distancia recorrida en PC6M con dos ecuaciones disponibles en la literatura. Diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en las pruebas aplicadas, correlación entre las distancias estimadas con el V̇O2máx. y variables antropométricas, y la prueba de ANOVA de medidas repetidas entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas fueron utilizadas con el programa SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Se encontró correlaciones significativas entre el V̇O2máx. y distancias estimadas (p<0,05) en la muestra, en hombres y mujeres, y en algunos casos la distancia se correlacionó con el sexo, la edad, el peso, la estatura y el IMC (p<0,05). Sin embargo, hubo diferencias entre el V̇O2máx. y las distancias estimadas en la PC6M (p<0,001). Conclusiones: El método directo de V̇O2máx. es distinto de las ecuaciones de predicción de distancia, aunque tienen relación significativa.

Resumo Antecedentes: O consumo máximo de oxigênio é um indicador de aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Objetivo: O objetivo é relacionar e comparar a V̇O2 máx. como variável dependente com a distância estimada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) como uma variável independente em estudantes universitários, ao mesmo tempo, relacionar a distância (dependente) com variáveis demográficas e antropométricas (independente). Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, não-experimental, transversal, descritivo-correlativo, no qual participaram 110 estudantes universitários. Antropometria básica e sinais vitais foram medidos, e um método direto de V̇O2 máx. (teste Bruce) foi aplicado na esteira, então a distância coberta em TC6M foi estimada com duas equações disponíveis na literatura. Diferenças entre homens e mulheres nos testes aplicados, correlação entre distâncias estimadas com V̇O2 máx. e variáveis antropométricas, e medidas repetidas teste ANOVA entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas foram usadas com SPSS v.22 (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas (p<0,05) na amostra, em homens e mulheres, e em alguns casos a distância correlacionada com sexo, idade, peso, altura e IMC (p<0,05). Entretanto, houve diferenças entre V̇O2 máx. e distâncias estimadas em TC6M (p<0,001). Conclusões: O método direto de V̇O2 máx. é diferente das equações de previsão de distância, embora elas tenham relações significativas.

Estimated Oxygen Consumption with the Abbreviated Method and Its Association with Vaccination and PCR Tests for COVID-19 from Socio-Demographic, Anthropometric, Lifestyle, and Morbidity Outcomes in Chilean Adults.

COVID-19 causes cardiovascular and lung problems that can be aggravated by confinement, but the practice of physical activity (PA) could lessen these effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) with vaccination and PCR tests in apparently healthy Chilean adults. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed, in which 557 people from south-central Chile participated, who answered an online questionnaire on the control of COVID-19, demographic data, lifestyles, and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases. V˙O2max was estimated with an abbreviated method. With respect to the unvaccinated, those who received the first (OR:0.52 [CI:0.29;0.95], p = 0.019) and second vaccine (OR:0.33 [CI:0.18;0.59], p = 0.0001) were less likely to have an increased V˙O2max. The first vaccine was inversely associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (ß:−1.68 [CI:−3.06; −0.3], p = 0.017), adjusted for BMI (ß:−1.37 [CI:−2.71; −0.03], p = 0.044) and by demographic variables (ß:−1.82 [CI:−3.18; −0.46], p = 0.009); similarly occur for the second vaccine (ß: between −2.54 and −3.44, p < 0.001) on models with and without adjustment. Having taken a PCR test was not significantly associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min). It is concluded that vaccination significantly decreased V˙O2max, although it did not indicate cause and effect. There is little evidence of this interaction, although the results suggest an association, since V˙ O2max could prevent and attenuate the contagion symptoms and effects.

Anthropometric Characterization and Physical Performance by Age and Biological Maturation in Young Tennis Players.

The objective was to analyze anthropometric and physical performance variables as a function of chronological age and biological maturity in young Chilean tennis players. The study was observational, cross-sectional, with descriptive and analytical characteristics. Eighty-seven tennis players were evaluated (58 men 15.1 ± 0.8 years and 29 women, 15.3 ± 0.8 years). The measured anthropometric variables were a sprint test of 20m; a modified agility test; a sit-and-reach test and shoulder flexibility; manual grip strength; horizontal jump in feet; a medicine ball throw; a countermovement vertical jump; an abalakov vertical jump and a 20-m shuttle-run test. The growth velocity acceleration peak (APHV), skeletal muscle mass and fat mass were calculated, R2 and standard error of estimate (SEE) were examined. The results show that chronological age explained the anthropometric variables between 1 and 23% in men and 1 and 29% in women; by biological age, variables were explained between 3 and 53% in men and 2 and 42% in women. Of the physical performance variables, chronological age described between 2 and 24% of them in men and 1 and 29% in women; the same were explained by biological age between 1 and 19% in men and 1 and 26% in women. We conclude that anthropometric variables showed a better relationship with biological age, except for volume of fat tissue, while physical performance variables showed low association with both biological and chronological age.

Composición corporal y somatotipo del equipo de gimnasia rítmica, tricampeón del torneo nacional universitario FENAUDE Chile / Body composition and somatotype of the rhythmic gymnastics team, champion for three years of the national university tournament FENAUDE Chile

RESUMEN. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la Composición corporal y somatotipo del equipo de gimnasia rítmica, Tricampeón del torneo nacional universitario FENAUDE Chile. Para el logro de este objetivo se realizó una toma de mediciones antropométricas a las 9 deportistas que participaron del torneouniversitario las cuales tenían edades entre 22,17±1,91años. Se evaluó utilizando el protocolo de marcaje y medición de la International Society for the Avancement in Kine anthropometric (ISAK), y se aplicaron los métodos de Composición Corporal de Deborah Kerr y de Somatotipo de Heath-Carter. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS V.18 y adicionalmente, para generar la gráfica de la somatocarta se utilizó una planilla realizada en elprograma Microsoft Excel. Se determinó talla de 159,00±6,19 cm, Talla Sentado 33,38±1,48, Peso 56,98±8,96kg, además del somatotipo predominante para el grupo de deportistas estudiado es el Endomorfo-Mesomorfo (3,88-3,60-1,78) y la composición corporal, los valores medios fueron: Mg= 30,42%, Mm=47,12%; Mr=4,28% Mo=11,68% y Mp=6,51.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to determine the body composition and somatotype of the rhythmic gymnastics team,three-time champion of the national university tournament FENAUDE Chile. To achieve this objective, anthropometric measurements were taken to the 9 athletes who participated in the university tournament, who were between 22.17 ± 1.91 years old. It was evaluated using the marking and measurement protocol of the International Society for the Advancement in Kine anthropometric (ISAK), and the Deborah Kerr Body Composition and Heath-Carter Somatotype methods were applied. For the statistical analysis, the statistical package IBM SPSS V.24 was used and additionally, to generate the graph of the somatochart, a spreadsheet created in the Microsoft Excel program was used. Height of 159.00 ± 6.19 cm was determined, Sitting Height 33.38 ± 1.48, Weight 56.98 ± 8.96kg,in addition to the predominant somatotype for the group of athletes studied is the Endomorph-Mesomorph (3, 88-3.60-1.78) and body composition, the mean values were: Mg = 30.42%, Mm = 47.12%; Mr = 4.28% Mo = 11.68% and Mp = 6.51.

[Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test]. / Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo.

The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo / Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test

Resumen La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Abstract The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

Un modelo para predecir el consumo de oxígeno según signos vitales y hábitos de vida en estudiantes universitarios / A model to predict maximal oxygen uptake using vital signs and lifestyles in university students

Background Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 max) is measured using maximal and submaximal exercise tests or can be predicted using demographic variables, body adiposity, vital signs and lifestyles. Aim To elaborate an equation to predict the V̇O 2 max in the absence of cardiopulmonary test in university students. Material and Methods V̇O 2 max was measured directly using a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill in 121 students aged 22 ± 2 years (59 males). Data about drug and medication use, physical activity [PA], vital signs at rest, and basic anthropometry were collected. The independent variables were included in a multivariate equation and the validity of the model was checked through distribution assumptions and according to the concordance limits of the Bland-Altman diagram. Results The best predictive equation for V̇O 2 max incorporated sex, age, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, smoking habits and PA as independent variables. The distributional assumptions were fulfilled (p > 0.05), there were no differences between the equation and the measurement of V̇O 2 max (p = 0.854) with a bias of -0.08 ml·kg·min -1 (95% confidence intervals [-0.95; 0.78]). Conclusions The resulting equation predicts V̇O 2 max based on body adiposity, physiological parameters and life habits.

Prueba de caminata de seis minutos ¿es posible predecir el consumo de oxígeno en personas con patologías? Una revisión bibliográfica / Six-Minute Walk Test. Is It Possible to Predict Oxygen Consumption in People with Pathologies? A Bibliographic Review / Teste de caminhada seis minutos. É possível prever o consumo de oxigênio em pessoas com patologia? Uma revisão bibliográfica

Resumen La prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M) consiste en recorrer la mayor distancia posible y se caracteriza por ser una prueba de fácil realización. El objetivo de esta revisión fue examinar la relación entre las variables de distancia recorrida, patologías cardíacas, pulmonares y el consumo de oxígeno de una prueba de criterio en cinta rodante y/o cicloergómetro, y las ecuaciones de predicción del VO2 en la PC6M de Maldonado e Ingle (2006), Vanhelst (2013) y Costa (2017) para personas con patologías. El manuscrito es una revisión bibliográfica que utilizó las bases de datos Scopus y WOS, con artículos en inglés, español y portugués entre 2000 y 2017. La distancia es la variable que más se midió y que más se asoció con el VO2, encontrándose correlaciones significativas con valores de 0.01 hasta 0.8, las patologías más relacionadas con el VO2 máx. fueron la hipertensión pulmonar, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva, insuficiencia cardíaca, disfunción sistólica ventricular y accidente cerebro-vascular y el cicloergómetro fue el más utilizado en las pruebas de criterio de VO2 máx. Solo una ecuación fue elaborada para niños que eran obesos la que incluyó distancia e IMC (Vanhelst), otra ecuación fue para adultos con enfermedad cardíaca que además incluía el sexo (Costa), una en pacientes con disfunción sistólica ventricular que aparte incorporó la edad, volumen espiratorio y hemoglobina (Ingle) y otra fórmula fue para adultos con insuficiencia cardíaca que consideró la distancia (Maldonado). Se sugiere utilizar la ecuación más apropiada y elaborar modelos predictivos para personas con diversas características.

Abstract The six-minute walk test (SMWT) consists of walking as far as possible and is characterized by being an easy test to perform. This paper examines the relationship between the variables of distance traveled, cardiac and pulmonary pathologies, and the oxygen consumption of a criterion test on treadmill and/or cycle ergometer, and the prediction equations of VO2 in the SMWT of Maldonado and Ingle (2006), Vanhelst (2013) and Costa (2017) for people with pathologies. The paper is a bibliographic review that used the Scopus and WOS databases containing articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese, published between 2000 and 2017. Distance is the variable that was most measured, and it was most associated with VO2; correlations with values from 0.01 to 0.8 were found. The pathologies most related to VO2 max were pulmonary hypertension, obstructive pulmonary disease, and ventricular heart failure and stroke; and the cycle ergometer was the most commonly used in the VO2 max criterion tests. Only one equation was created for children who were obese; it included distance and BMI (Vanhelst). Another equation was generated for adults with heart disease that also included sex (Costa). Besides, one equation was for patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction that also incorporated age, volume expiratory and hemoglobin (Ingle); another one was created for adults with heart failure, and this formula considered the distance (Maldonado). It is suggested to use the most appropriate equation and create predictive models for people with different characteristics.

Resumo O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) consiste em andar o mais longe possível e é caracterizado como um teste fácil. O objetivo desta revisão foi examinar a relação entre as variáveis distância percorrida, patologias cardíacas, pulmonares e o consumo de oxigênio de um teste de critério em esteira e/ou ciclo ergômetro, e as equações de predição do VO 2 no TC6M de Maldonado e Ingle (2006), Vanhelst (2013) e Costa (2017) para pessoas com patologias. O manuscrito é uma revisão bibliográfica que utilizou as bases de dados Scopus e WOS, com artigos em inglês, espanhol e português entre 2000 e 2017. A distância é a variável mais medida e mais associada ao VO 2, encontrando correlações significativas com valores de 0,01 a 0,8, as patologias mais relacionadas ao VO 2 max. foram a hipertensão pulmonar, doença pulmonar obstrutiva, insuficiência cardíaca, disfunção sistólica ventricular e acidente vascular encefálico e o ciclo ergômetro foi o mais utilizado nos testes do critério VO 2 max. Apenas uma equação foi desenvolvida para crianças obesas, que incluíram distância e IMC (Vanhelst), outra equação foi para adultos com doença cardíaca que também incluiu sexo (Coast), uma em pacientes com disfunção sistólica ventricular que incorporaram a idade, volume expiratório e hemoglobina (Ingle) e outra fórmula foi para adultos com insuficiência cardíaca que considerou a distância (Maldonado). Sugere-se utilizar a equação mais adequada e desenvolver modelos preditivos para pessoas com características diversas.